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Genome Biology and Evolution Advance Access published online on May 20, 2009
Genome Biology and Evolution, doi:10.1093/gbe/evp009
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© 2009 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Recent amplification and impact of MITEs on the genome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Andrej Benjak1,2, Stéphanie Boué3, Astrid Forneck2 and Josep M. Casacuberta*,1

1 Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
2 Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
3 Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMR[B]), Barcelona, Spain

* Author of Correspondence: Josep M. Casacuberta, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Barcelona, Spain, Tel: +34 93 400 61 42, Fax: +34 93 204 59 04, josep.casacuberta{at}ibmb.csic.es


  Abstract

MITEs are a particular type of defective class II transposons present in genomes as highly homogeneous populations of small elements. Their high copy number and close association to genes make their potential impact on gene evolution particularly relevant. Here we present a detailed analysis of the MITE families directly related to grapevine "cut-and-paste" transposons. Our results show that grapevine MITEs have transduplicated and amplified genomic sequences, including gene sequences and fragments of other mobile elements. Our results also show that although some of the MITE families were already present in the ancestor of the European and American Vitis wild species, they have been amplified and have been actively transposing accompanying grapevine domestication and breeding. We show that MITEs are abundant in grapevine and some of them are frequently inserted within the UTRs of grapevine genes. MITE insertions are highly polymorphic among grapevine cultivars, which frequently generate transcript variability. The data presented here show that MITEs have greatly contributed to the grapevine genetic diversity which has been used for grapevine domestication and breeding.

Keywords: Vitis, transposon, MITE

Received January 29, 2009; Revised April 10, 2009; Revised May 12, 2009; Accepted May 15, 2009


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